D027 OA Final Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts and Conditions

D027 OA Final Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts and Conditions

Student Name

Western Governors University

D027 Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations

Prof. Name:

Date

D027 OA Final Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts and Conditions

---

Cryoablation and Prostate Cancer Treatment

Question: What is cryoablation?
Answer: Cryoablation is a medical procedure used to treat prostate cancer by freezing and destroying cancerous tissue.

---

Occupational Lung Disease

Question: What disease is characterized by exposure to sandblasting?
Answer: Silicosis, a lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust during activities such as sandblasting, leads to inflammation and scarring of the lungs.

---

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Question: What category of ALS is most common?
Answer: ALS is primarily categorized as sporadic, meaning it occurs randomly without a clear genetic cause.

---

Differentiating Arthritis Types

Question: How can osteoarthritis be differentiated from rheumatoid arthritis?
Answer: Osteoarthritis typically involves joint wear and tear with localized pain and stiffness, while rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease causing symmetrical joint inflammation and systemic symptoms.

---

Cardiac Conditions

Question	Answer
What does vegetation on an echocardiogram indicate?	It is suggestive of infective endocarditis.
What defines a Type 2 Myocardial Infarction (MI)?	It results from an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand to the heart muscle.
What are classic symptoms of MI?	Neck/jaw pain, chest pain, and vomiting are common.
What is a key risk factor for erectile dysfunction?	Cardiovascular disease, especially heart disease.

---

Liver Conditions

Question: What does ascites, jaundice, and elevated AST and ALT indicate?
Answer: These signs suggest liver cirrhosis, a chronic liver disease causing scarring and impaired liver function.

---

Kidney and Hematologic Disorders

Question	Answer
What diagnosis fits decreased urine output, anemia, fatigue, and itchy skin?	End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).
What is aplastic anemia?	A condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells.

---

Genetic and Infectious Diseases

Question	Answer
What is a chromosomal abnormality?	It refers to changes in chromosome number or structure, such as Turner syndrome, characterized by a missing X chromosome.
Which communicable disease causes rapid muscle weakness/paralysis?	Poliomyelitis is known to cause muscle paralysis within 4-6 hours after onset.
What causes malaria?	The Plasmodium parasite transmitted by mosquitoes.

---

Biomarkers and Solutions

Question: What is the HE4 biomarker associated with?
Answer: HE4 is a biomarker often elevated in ovarian tumors or ovarian cancer.

Question: Is 0.9% NaCl isotonic to red blood cells?
Answer: Yes, 0.9% sodium chloride solution is isotonic to RBCs, meaning it does not cause cell shrinkage or swelling.

---

Causes of Peripheral Neuropathy and Delayed Puberty

Question	Answer
What causes peripheral neuropathy?	Common causes include vitamin deficiencies and conditions like stroke or heart attack.
What leads to delayed puberty?	Chronic illnesses can delay normal puberty development.

---

Gynecological and Hematological Conditions

Question	Answer
What symptom is associated with dysmenorrhea?	Painful menstruation or cramps.
What are risk factors for cholecystitis?	Gallstones, obesity, and infections.

---

Infectious Diseases and Musculoskeletal Disorders

Question	Answer
What is the symptom of stage one Lyme disease?	Swollen lymph nodes.
What spinal curvature is lordosis?	An exaggerated inward curve of the lumbar spine.

---

Neuromuscular Conditions

Question: What does involuntary muscle contractions, weakness, lower extremity twitching, and prescription of anti-glutamate medication suggest?
Answer: These symptoms indicate Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease.

---

Secondary Hypertension

Question: What causes secondary hypertension?
Answer: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a known cause of secondary hypertension due to intermittent hypoxia and increased sympathetic activity.

---

Basic Science Concepts

Question	Answer
What is diffusion?	The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What can tympanic membrane perforation cause?	Middle ear infections due to disrupted barrier.

---

Hematological and Genetic Triggers

Question: What triggers vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell anemia?
Answer: Acidosis and dehydration are common triggers that promote sickling of red blood cells.

---

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Question: What is the role of RAAS?
Answer: RAAS regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through vasoconstriction and sodium retention.

---

Gastrointestinal Conditions

Question: What is a pouch-like protrusion in the sigmoid colon?
Answer: This condition is called diverticulosis, characterized by the formation of diverticula.

---

Mental Health and Immune System

Question	Answer
What diagnosis fits muscle weakness, fatigue, and emotional distress after a family death, treated with antidepressants and acupuncture?	Fibromyalgia, a chronic pain syndrome often triggered by emotional stress.
What cells produce antibodies?	B lymphocytes (B cells) are responsible for antibody production.

---

Hematologic Malignancies

Question	Answer
What are the stages of chronic myeloid leukemia?	Chronic phase, accelerated phase, and blast phase.

---

Cardiac Valve Disorders

Question: Which condition allows blood to flow back into the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Answer: Mitral insufficiency (mitral regurgitation) causes retrograde blood flow during systole.

---

Benign Tumors

Question	Answer
What are examples of benign tumors?	Adenoma and osteoma are common benign tumors.

---

References

• Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th Edition. (2018). McGraw-Hill Education.

• Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., & Aster, J. C. (2019). Robbins Basic Pathology (10th ed.). Elsevier.

• Jameson, J. L., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S. L., & Loscalzo, J. (2018). Harrison’s Manual of Medicine. McGraw-Hill Education.

• Fauci, A. S., et al. (2021). Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 21st Edition. McGraw-Hill.